Licklider, J.C.R.
In 1962, Dr. Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider wrote a series of memos, formulating the earliest ideas of a global network, which would eventually become the internet. Creating the term “Intergalactic computer network,” Licklider outlined ideas for what we now commonly know as cloud computing, online banking, e-commerce (also known as “e-tail”), digital libraries, user-friendly interfaces, and graphical computing. While serving as a director of the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), it was Licklider’s detailed descriptions of the challenges of creating a time-share network of computers and computer data that would lead to the creation of ARPAnet, which would eventually be overshadowed by the internet. Licklider died in the 1990, the same year in which ARPAnet was shut down.
Lieber, Stanley Martin
See Lee, Stan.
Life in Hell
In 1977, shortly after future Simpsons creator Matt Groening moved to Los Angeles, he started drawing little cartoons for his friends to illustrate how miserable he was in his new home, using nervous-looking rabbits as his characters. He titled the comics “Life In Hell,” and eventually started publishing a weekly strip under that name in the Los Angeles Reader. By 1984, Groening collected some of the Life In Hell strips under the title Love Is Hell, and sold enough copies of that first version of the book that in 1986, copies of Groening’s book started popping up in the Humor section of chain bookstores. Random House’s Pantheon put out a 1986 “special new mini-jumbo edition,” and in that same year, released Work Is Hell, then School Is Hell in 1987 and Childhood Is Hell in 1988.
The timing couldn’t have been better. The mid-1980s were a boom time for new newspaper strips, which meant the Hell books sat on the shelves next to best-selling anthologies of Calvin And Hobbes, Bloom County and Gary Larson’s The Far Side, and appealed to readers who already loved those comics’ mix of sarcasm, surrealism and sweetness. The first four books became popular, especially on college campuses. They became an even bigger deal after Groening started contributing animated Simpsons shorts to the Fox network’s The Tracey Ullman Show in 1987. Reportedly, producer James L. Brooks originally wanted to option Life In Hell, but Groening balked at the studio’s copyright demands.
Even after The Simpsons became a mammoth success, Groening kept turning out weekly Life In Hell cartoons, sticking with it even as alt-weeklies either died off or slimmed down, effectively killing the market for these kinds of syndicated features. Groening finally ended Life In Hell in 2012, leaving behind a body of work as consistent and culturally valuable in its way as Zap Comix. Groening’s focus changed somewhat over the decades, as he drew more cartoons about his own life and his own kids (the latter strips eventually collected as the charming book Will And Abe’s Guide To The Universe), or spent weeks on end documenting the dadaist adventures of the lookalike brothers/lovers (no one’s really sure which they are!) Akbar and Jeff. But he remained committed throughout Life In Hell’s run to conveying common life experiences, in a world that kept getting more fractured.
Light-emitting diode (LED)
An electronic semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electrical current is passed through it. A light-emitting diode (LED) consists of two elements of processed material called P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors.These two elements are placed in direct contact, forming a large region called the P-N junction, the shape of which is tailored to the application. Benefits of LEDs, compared with incandescent and fluorescent illuminating devices, include low power requirement, high efficiency and long life. Early LEDs produced only red light, but modern LEDs can produce several different colors, including red, green, and blue. Advances in LED technology have made it possible for LEDs to produce white light, as well.
Commonly used for indicator lights on electronic devices, such as power on/off lights, LEDs have several other applications, including electronic signs, clock displays, and flashlights. Since LEDs are energy efficient and have a long lifespan (often more than 100,000 hours), they have begun to replace traditional light bulbs in several areas, including street lights, car lights, and various types of decorative lighting. The energy efficient nature of LEDs also allows them to produce brighter light than other types of bulbs, while simultaneously using less energy. The output from an LED can range from red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400 nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED). For this reason, traditional flat-screen liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have started to be replaced by LED displays. LED TVs and computer monitors are typically brighter and thinner than their LCD counterparts.
Light-year
A unit of distance equal to the distance light can travel in one mean solar year, or approximately 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion kilometers).
Lightsaber
Described by Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope as an “elegant weapon for a more civilized age,” a light saber is essentially a beam of energy, focused through a crystal so pure that it gives the beam mass, plus the ability to cut through solid objects. A basic lightsaber consists of a metal hilt about one foot long that features a button, which engages and disengages the energy beam. When the lightsaber is active, a power cell sends energy through one or more crystals stored in the hilt. The beam (or “blade”) projects about three feet from the hilt before the energy charge arcs back on itself, creating a full circuit. If two lightsabers connect in a duel, they will repel each other because all crystals are of the same composition, even if they come from different regions of the universe.
Although Jedi knights first experimented with lightsaber technology around 15,500 BBY (Before The Battle of Yavin), the lightsaber did not become the standard Jedi weapon until around 4,800 BBY. It is well-suited to a Jedi’s quick reflexes, since it serves as both sword and shield, allowing a Jedi to deflect blaster bolts and even redirect them towards other targets. The color of the blade is determined by the type of crystal housed in the hilt. (The different lightsaber colors originally indicated different classes in the Jedi Order, but this system eventually fell out of use.)
Lightsabers are not mass-produced; rather, they are very personalized weapons. Creating a lightsaber is one of the final steps of a Jedi’s training. The Jedi trainee (or padawan, as they are called) must meditate over the lightsaber crystals, surrounding and filling them with Force energy that affects the weapon’s power and special characteristics. The hilt is created by the padawan, and usually patterned after the hilt belonging to his master, to show respect. A well-crafted lightsaber is not just a weapon, but an extension of the Jedi’s connection to The Force.
Ligne clair
Meaning “the clear line,” this drawing type is characterized by a systematic outline, with a black line of relatively uniform thickness. Setting colors using the process of flat tints, without shades or gradients, this technique abolishes maximum use of hatching (the creation of colors through the use of closely spaced parallel lines).
The popularity of American comics overshadowed significant European comics being produced at the same time, but the advent of World War II and Germany’s invasions into Belgium and France dwindled the possibility of importing American comics to nothing. Faced with a growing demand for the increasingly popular medium, many publishers began to foster local, distinctly European, comic artists. This brief period of time between the invasion of Germany and the end of World War II created a prime opportunity for European artists and their comics to come into their own. The most influential of these artists was Hergé, creator of the popular boys’ comic The Adventures of Tintin.
The use of ligne claire hit its peak during the 1950s. Hergé and his contemporaries overwhelmingly defined the art style of European comics, as the artists eventually left the Tintin magazine and started on their own ventures. By the 1960s, however, ligne claire began to go out of style when a new crop of comic artists came onto the scene. Considered old fashioned, the crisp, detailed lines were soon replaced with the cartoony proportions of comics such as Albert Uderzo’s Asterix and Morris’ Lucky Luke. However, ligne claire did make a bit of a comeback a decade later. The first to coin the term “ligne claire,” Dutch artist and graphic designer Joost Swarte was a defining factor in the ligne claireresurgence. This resurgence reached all the way through France and continued into the 1980s with the popularity of Yves Chaland, Ted Benoit and other French artists. The style was also used by British artist Geof Darrow in his collaboration with Frank Miller on “Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot” in 1996.
Linotype
- A typesetting machine, operated by a keyboard, that produces an entire line of type as one solid slug of metal, used chiefly for newspapers.
- Type produced by such a machine.
Little Wooden Boy, The
Constructed by The Tick on “Hobby Night” while his sidekick Arthur was on a date, The Little Wooden Boy was featured in Ben Edlund’s Fox cartoon series The Tick in the first episode of the second season, “The Little Wooden Boy and the Belly of Love,” which first aired on September 9, 1995.
Live-action role-play(ing)
Also referred to by its acronym, “larp(ing),” it can be considered a form of theatre, a game, an exercise, a social gathering, a competition, and even a form of time travel! Described by some as “grown-up make-believe,” larping involves enacting medieval competitions and battles in full dress and a realistic, though non-lethal, form of combat using durable foam weapons. Imaginary worlds can be created, each with its own rules and guidelines, in which a larping event will take place, and participants must abide by these parameters. Larping events can involve a live audience, as well.
Livermorium
Discovered by Dr. Doug Stewart and researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in 1999, this element, classified as a metal, was first reproduced in Dubna, Russia in July 2000. The work was a collaboration between science teams at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, led by Yuri Oganessian and Ken Moody. Little is known about this radioactive element, but its atomic weight is 293, and it is presumed solid, with 116 electrons and protons with no stable isotopes. Livermorium does not occur naturally, and is entirely synthesized in the laboratory by bombarding curium atoms with calcium ions. Livermorium (originally known only as ununhexium, as it was called at the time for its atomic number [116 = “un” “un” “hex”]) on the Periodic Table of Elements. It is so unstable, there is no way to study its effects on human health. At present, there are no known practical uses outside of scientific study.
LiveScript
See JavaScript.
Local Area Network (LAN)
Any communication network for connecting computers within a building or small group of buildings.
Locked-room mystery
Occurring within a closed or remote location, such as an isolated house or an island, this type of mystery takes place when there is a crime, such as a murder, and only the people known to be in the location are possible suspects. Sometimes there is the suggestion of a hidden person or presence who may be responsible for the act. Agatha Christie and Wilkie Collins were revered locked-room mystery authors. A typical locked-room mystery is solved by process of elimination … unless, of course, there is a hidden or unknown presence at the location!
Lodge, Veronica
First appearing in Pep Comics #26 in 1942 and a well-known character in the subsequent Archie comic book series, Riverdale’s privileged princess is the richest gal in town. She tends to focus on the finer things in life and has no issue waving her money around for the world to see. Known as “Ronnie” to those in her inner circle, she has a habit of using her wealth and beauty to snag Archie away from her best friend Betty. Throughout the series, the trio tended to find themselves entangled in a love triangle with no apparent end in sight. Also a friend and bandmate of Jughead Jones, as the heiress to Lodge Industries, her bottomless wallet allows Veronica to be the ultimate fashionista, always sporting the hottest clothes in town.
Log
- In the computer world: As a verb, to go through the procedures to begin use (“log on/in”) or end use (“log off/out”) of a computer, database, or system. As a noun, a record of computer activity used for statistical purposes, as well as for backup and recovery procedures. Log files are written by the operating system or other control program for such purposes as recording incoming dialogs, error and status messages and certain transaction details.
- In the universe of Star Trek and other military settings, a record of an event or an extended mission, as in the captain’s log.
Logic bomb
An unauthorized program or programming code, inserted surreptitiously or intentionally into a computer program or operating system, that is designed to interfere with the operation of the target computer(s). Logic bombs are typically set to execute (or “explode”) under specific circumstances, such as the lapse of a certain amount of time or the failure of a program user to respond to a program command. It is, in effect, a delayed-action computer virus or Trojan horse. A logic bomb may be designed to perform some destructive or security-compromising activity, such as displaying or printing a spurious message, deleting or corrupting data, or have other undesirable effects. Also called “slag code.”
Logical port
In programming, a connection place; specifically, using the internet’s protocol Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), the way a client program specifies a particular server program on a computer in a network. Higher-level applications that use TCP/IP such as the internet protocol Hypertext Transfer Protocol (“http”), have ports with preassigned numbers. These are called “well-known ports,” which have been assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Other application processes are given port numbers dynamic to each connection. When a server program is started, it is said to “bind” to its designated port number. When any client program wants to use that server, it must request to bind to the designated port number.
Port numbers range from 0 to 65535. Ports 0 to 1024 are reserved for use by certain privileged services. For the http service, port 80 is defined as a default and does not have to be specified in the Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
Loki
1. Portrayed as the wily trickster god of Norse mythology, who had the ability to change his shape and sex, Loki (pronounced “LOAK-ee”) is treated as a nominal member of the Aesir tribe of gods, Loki occupies a highly ambivalent and ultimately solitary position amongst the gods. His father was the giant Fárbauti (“Cruel Striker”), and his mother, Laufey could have been a goddess, a giantess or something else entirely; the surviving sources do not specify. By the giantess Angrboða (“Anguish-Boding”), Loki is the father of Hel (the goddess of the grave), Jormungand (the great serpent who slays Thor during Ragnarok) and Fenrir (the wolf who bites off one of the hands of Tyr and who kills Odin during Ragnarok).
Loki demonstrates a complete lack of concern for the well-being of his fellow gods, and he often runs afoul not only of societal expectations, but also of what we today might call “the laws of nature.” In addition to the progeny listed above, Loki is also the mother of Sleipnir, Odin’s shamanic horse, whom Loki gave birth to after shape-shifting into a mare and courting the stallion Svaðilfari, as is recounted in the tale “The Fortification of Asgard.” He can be playful, malicious and helpful, but he’s always irreverent and nihilistic. He alternately helps both gods and giants, depending on which course of action is most pleasurable and/or advantageous to him at the time. During Ragnarok, when the gods and giants engage in their ultimate struggle and the cosmos is destroyed and re-created, Loki joins the battle on the side of the giants. He and the god Heimdall mortally wound each other.
Rather, the principle to which Loki corresponds seems to be the disregard for or hatred of the sacred. For Loki, the gods are not to be worshiped, but are more like elements to be overcome, ignored or mocked. Paradoxically, Loki features so prominently in the tales of Norse mythology because, from the perspective of the heathen Norse themselves, those tales expressed the notion that everything, even irreverence itself, is ultimately worthy of reverence. Odin, in fact, shares many of Loki’s boundary-crossing trickster-like attributes. Indeed, in at least one Old Norse poem, the two are represented as blood brothers.
2. With a first appearance in 1949’s Venus #6, and his first modern-day comics appearance in Journey into Mystery #85 in 1962, the Norse god Loki has wreaked havoc in the Marvel Comics universe’s Thor ever since. His origin story, as told in Journey Into Mystery #112, 113 and 115 in 1965, reveals that Loki was born in Jotunheim, Asgard. Odin, once the ruler of the Asgardian gods, led his subjects into a war against their enemy, the frost giants from the land of Jotunheim (one of the nine worlds of Asgard). After Laufey, king of the frost giants, was slain in battle and the giants were defeated, an Asgardian baby was discovered hidden at the giants’ main fortress. The infant was Loki, whom Laufey had kept hidden due to his shame over his son’s diminutive size. Odin adopted Loki into his own family, raising Loki like a son alongside his biological son Thor. Jealous of Odin’s favored son, Loki began studying the dark arts of sorcery as a boy, for which he had a natural affinity. He became infamous for his mischievousness, but secretly resented Thor and the fatherly love Odin lavished upon him. When Odin was preparing his greatest gift for Thor, the enchanted hammer Mjolnir, Loki interfered with its creation, causing its handle to be forged too short. Loki was envious that Thor would one day wield Mjolnir, and over the years repeatedly crafted schemes to make Mjolnir’s power his own.
Loki eventually learned of the prophecies of Ragnarok, a cataclysmic event in which he was fated to bring about Asgard’s ruin by slaying Balder, then leading the enemies of Asgard into a final battle. Loki ultimately embraced this destiny, and sought the means to bring about Ragnarok on more than one occasion. However, Loki usually crafted his schemes so subtly that Odin and Thor could rarely justify punishing him, and Loki would continue to live in their midst, awaiting his next opportunity.
Loki finally obtained an advantage over his half-brother when Odin sentenced Thor to Earth in the guise of Dr. Donald Blake. Loki sought victory over his brother by exploiting Blake’s human weakness, and employed many pawns against him on Earth. At one point, Loki’s meddling caused the formation of the Avengers, which he would deeply regret.
In addition to original Marvel comics, Loki was a regular villain in a 1966 animated TV series The Mighty Thor, and, as portrayed by Tom Hiddleston, appears on the movie screen in Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame (2019).
Lolicon
Japanese term meaning “Lolita complex,” after the novel (and two movies). This term typically refers to pornographic art, anime or otherwise, of females aged between 12 and 16, and also to those people who are attracted to such girls. However, real child pornography is sometimes called lolicon, as well. Art of underage girls is legal in most countries, which explains the popularity of lolicon. Despite the fact that the age bracket is technically outside the realm of pedophilia, lolicon is frowned upon, especially in the West.
Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD)
A device developed by the American Technology Corporation, capable of emitting sound at a maximum 151 dB within a 30-degree span of where the device is pointing. The device can be used as a combatant deterrent weapon, as well as a crowd-control device. The LRAD weighs about 463 pounds, and is capable of emitting sound within a 15-to-30-degree beam. The range of the LRAD is 300 to 500 meters, and at maximum volume, it can emit sound 50 times greater than the human threshold for pain, with the capability to cause permanent damage.
Instead of the usual diaphragm that normal speakers use to make sound, the LRAD uses a set of piezoelectric transducers which are capable of converting electrical energy into sound. These transducers are permanently polarized, so any distortion of their shape creates an electrical impulse, and vice versa. By using a power source to supply this electrical impulse, piezoelectric transducers can rapidly change their shape, therefore, creating sound waves in the process. The transducers are also arranged so that they are in phase with each other so that the resulting sounds they emit can combine to make the projected sounds louder.
The sound that the LRAD produces can be directed, so there is less-than-normal dispersion. This results in a 20 dB drop in the volume of sound 15 degrees outside the beam. This directional sound propagation stems from the fact that the LRAD employs outer and inner transducers to create sound waves that are not completely in phase with each other. This enables other sound waves to cancel out those that are in the outermost portion of the beam. The resulting wave front of the sound is also flatter than usual, preventing the sound from being dispersed as it propagates. Moreover, as the LRAD-produced sound waves interact with the air, they create additional frequencies within the wave and thus amplify the sound and pitch.
In military and law enforcement circles, the primary advantage is that the LRAD is a non-lethal solution that prevents suspects from continuing illegal activities, without endangering friendly personnel. The major disadvantages of the LRAD system include the facts that the loud sounds the LRAD emits may cause permanent hearing damage to those within its range, the LRAD sound wave can be cancelled altogether through the use of common earplugs, and sounds emitted from the LRAD can be reflected back to the source by using a flat solid object.
Loot
In video and online games, items dropped from defeated enemies.
Looter
A gamer or game character who is addicted to picking up loots.
Lord, Max IV
At the age of sixteen, Maxwell IV came home to find his father dead, an apparent suicide. Max was told by his mother that powerful people are always evil and that he must have control over them all. She stated that if Max ever meets powerful men or women, then he must plan every step. When he was still very young, Lord built his own business. At around the age of 20, he had already bought many businesses in areas all over the world, including Metropolis and Gotham City. Maxwell uses his wide reach over the world to set up many secret locations, which allow him to not be watched by heroes like the Justice League International or the Justice League of America. Being wanted all over the planet for would-be world domination and murder, his business was shut down and bought by Bruce Wayne.
Years later, Maxwell Lord, still a wealthy business man and entrepreneur, was portrayed as having been playing a double game holding a deep distrust of non-humans. When Max was helping during the Coast City destruction, Max ultimately decided that heroes would have to be exterminated for the good of mankind leading to the events of The OMAC Project, where Lord managed to hijack a satellite Batman had built, calling it Brother Eye, and creating millions of sleeper agents to attack the worlds superbeing populace.
A representation of the business-minded yuppies of the 1980s, Maxwell Lord was created for DC Comics by Keith Giffen, J.M. DeMateis and Kevin Maguire, and introduced as a conniving opportunist with a good heart. He was involved with turning the Justice League of America into the Justice League International. Lord has the extreme power of mind control, which he has demonstrated at close range, as well as from great distances. While originally not being a metahuman, Max gained this ability while serving as a leader of the Justice League International. While the mind control ability is useful, his power does have a downside: the more minds he controls, the more blood he loses. Controlling one mind can make him bleed out of his nose, but wiping his entire existence from everyone’s mind off of the planet caused Max to lose much blood from his eyes, ears, and nose. Eventually leading to blacking out, Max only uses his mind control ability when needed, however tries not to use it on many people all at once, as it could lead to his own death.
In the super villain community, Lord has been called “one of the greatest masterminds on Earth,” possibly second to only Superman’s archenemy Lex Luthor. (While Lex and Max share the same goals, they despise each other.) Lord carries a .45 caliber pistol, which he used to kill the Blue Beetle. Not one to use brute force to get the job done, Max will do whatever it takes to get complete control over any obstacle.
Maxwell Lord was portrayed by Gil Bellows in two episodes of the WB television series Smallville.
“Lost Generation, The”
In general, a term for the post-World War I generation, but more specifically, the group of American writers who came of age during the World War I and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway: “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926), a novel that captures the attitudes of a hard-drinking, fast-living set of disillusioned young expatriates in postwar Paris. The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world, and its spiritual alienation under President Warren G. Harding’s “back to normalcy” policy seemed to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. This group embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, Archibald MacLeish, Hart Crane. As these writers turned in different directions in the 1930s, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald’s Tender Is the Night (1934) and Dos Passos’ The Big Money (1936).
Lovecraft, H.P.
Born Howard Phillips Lovecraft on August 20, 1890, in Providence, Rhode Island, the future writer had an unusual and tragic childhood. His traveling salesman father developed a mental disorder caused by untreated syphilis when Howard was around three. In 1893, his father became a patient at the Butler Hospital, and there he remained until his death in 1898. Meanwhile, Howard himself was a sickly child, spending many of his school years at home. He became an avid reader, devouring the works of Edgar Allan Poe, and developed a special interest in astronomy. As a teenager, he did attend high school, but suffered a nervous breakdown before he could graduate. Lovecraft became a recluse for many years, staying up late to study, read and write, then sleeping late into the day. During this period, he had some articles on astronomy published in several newspapers. He joined the United Amateur Press Association in 1914, and the following year, he launched his self-published magazine The Conservative, for which he wrote several essays. While he dabbled in fiction early on, Lovecraft became serious about writing stories around 1917, influenced by Poe and other writers.
The horror magazine Weird Tales bought some of Lovecraft’s stories in 1923. The following year, he married Sonia Greene, and the couple lived together in New York City before splitting up only two years later. After his marriage failed, Lovecraft returned to Rhode Island and began work on some of his best stories. “The Call of Cthulhu” was published in Weird Tales in 1928, and more than any other single tale of his, it perhaps best illustrated Lovecraft’s effort to create an otherworldly type of terror. Elements of this story would appear in other tales of his, which would collectively become known as the “Cthulhu Mythos.” Also during this period, Lovecraft and Robert E. Howard became correspondents, inspired by their mutual fondness for each other’s writing.
Lovecraft’s later stories reflected his own philosophical ideals. According to American Heritage magazine, Lovecraft once wrote, “All of my tales are based on the fundamental premise that common human laws and emotions have no validity or significance in the cosmos-at-large.” In his final years, Lovecraft was barely able to support himself. He took editing and ghostwriting work to try to make ends meet. Lovecraft died of cancer on March 15, 1937 at the age of 46 in Providence. He left behind more than 60 short stories and a few novel and novellas, including The Case of Charles Dexter Ward. Lovecraft’s passing was mourned by his devoted following of colleagues and aspiring writers with whom he corresponded and collaborated. Two of these friends, August Derleth and Donald Wandrei, formed a publishing company called Arkham House to promote and preserve Lovecraft’s work.
Since his death, Lovecraft has earned greater acclaim than he ever enjoyed during his lifetime. He has been an inspiration to such writers as Peter Straub, Stephen King and Neil Gaiman, and his stories have served as inspirations for numerous films, including 2007’s Cthulhu and 2011’s Hunters of the Dark. As Stephen King explained to American Heritage magazine, “Now that time has given us some perspective on his work, I think it is beyond doubt that H.P. Lovecraft has yet to be surpassed as the 20th Century’s greatest practitioner of the classic horror tale.”
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